LifeCorp™LifeCorp / Institutional Research Archive / Civic Systems
Civic Continuity
A historical review of economic education, institutional investment and civic participation.
LC-R-2026-19 · Published November 2, 2026 · Source-reviewed edition with open archival questions
LifeCorp Research owns the evidence review. Civic Solutions / Civic Harmony sponsors the question; Lattice Research & Evaluation supplies bounded analytical assistance. Historical findings and the management response retain separate authorship.
Scope and method
The sources support educational sponsorship, reported distribution and scrutiny, along with local resistance and a donor’s support for civic material. Selected course-enrollment declines are reported by a government synthesis. A national causal relationship between the campaigns and civic agency is not established.
A portfolio, not a single purpose
The same Sloan report records cumulative economic-film support and a 1952 grant for citizenship pamphlet distribution. Its described subjects include local government, community leadership and civil rights. Their actual pedagogy and effects require separate analysis.
Inspect this counterexampleWhat is outside the evidence
No direct aggregate Falk-to-Harding cash transfer is inferred. No completed textbook-removal program, reconstructed enrollment series or modern political causal chain is asserted. Unread correspondence and inaccessible full texts remain leads, not findings.
Inspect qualifications and unresolved questionsSource type, inspection scope and claim support are separate. Sponsor-reported reach remains a sponsor statement. A source can be available without supporting every interpretation; an archival catalog can identify records without establishing their contents. This edition uses no annual trend chart because the original enrollment denominators have not been reconstructed.
Management interpretation
Management considers the record relevant to consultation design, stable expectations and service continuity. Its proposed criteria are operational priorities, not historical findings or demonstrated civic benefits. The separate response defines its evaluation scope.
Historical timeline
Events and reported intervals only. Gaps remain gaps; these entries are not observations in a continuous causal series. Corporate publication history is separate.
15 published events or intervals
1940-12-11 · dayNewspaper report of a textbook-review commission, cited by Roady
NAM
Roady documents NAM commissioning a study of 800 popular school textbooks.
Institutional interpretation: Scrutiny of available material differs from evidence that its use changed.
Link to this record1945–1946 · intervalDiffering reported start dates for the Harding film program
Sloan Foundation · Harding College
Institutional interpretation: Historical phase definitions should remain visible in program comparisons.
Link to this record1946 · yearVolker Fund support reported by McVicar
William Volker Fund · Leonard Read
McVicar reports a 30,000-dollar Volker Fund grant to Read to establish FEE in 1946.
Institutional interpretation: A reported grant establishes a specified relationship, not control of an entire intellectual field.
Link to this record1946-03-16 · dayFEE opening recalled by Hazlitt
FEE · Leonard Read
Institutional interpretation: Publishing, teaching and local groups were distinct proposed channels.
Link to this record1948-04 · monthMake Mine Freedom enters theatrical distribution
Harding College · Loew’s
Institutional interpretation: A distribution channel is not a measured learning outcome.
Link to this record1952 · yearSloan grant supports citizenship pamphlet distribution
Sloan Foundation · Civic Education Foundation
Institutional interpretation: A funder’s portfolio may support different educational purposes. Subject descriptions alone cannot settle their effects.
Link to this record1953-03 · monthACES meets organized opposition in Reading
ACES · Local trade unionists and socialists
Institutional interpretation: Institutions receiving an offer of educational material can reject it.
Link to this record1960 · yearNAM booklet describes its classroom program
NAM
Berkeley catalogs the booklet How NAM Serves You and the Nation as 1960.
Institutional interpretation: Supplier-reported availability must be distinguished from confirmed exposure.
Link to this record1961–1973 · intervalEnrollment-comparison endpoints later reported by the government study
Named high-school courses
Institutional interpretation: The endpoints support no annual interpolation and no causal connection to the funding events.
Link to this record1971-08-23 · dayPowell sends confidential memorandum, according to its custodian
Lewis F. Powell Jr. · Eugene B. Sydnor Jr.
Institutional interpretation: A document’s existence and audience are distinct from implementation of its proposals.
Link to this record1975 · yearThe Crisis of Democracy published
Crozier · Huntington · Watanuki
Institutional interpretation: An author’s conception of governability supplies an argument, not an account of all previous institutional intentions.
Link to this record2025-01-29 · dayExecutive Order 14190 signed
U.S. executive branch
Institutional interpretation: The text permits study of stated priorities. Effects require separate evaluation.
Link to this record2026 · yearVirginia code reflects broader local RCV authorization
Virginia
Virginia’s code permits RCV elections for members of a local governing body.
Institutional interpretation: Contemporary jurisdictions need not move in the same direction.
Link to this record2026-03-23 · dayDated NCSL RCV survey
NCSL
NCSL’s March 23, 2026 survey lists 19 states with RCV prohibitions in all or some elections.
Institutional interpretation: A source-defined policy snapshot should not silently become a current counter.
Link to this record2026-06-16 · dayOhio RCV provision effective
Ohio
Institutional interpretation: A statutory condition and an observed exercise of it are separate evidence.
Link to this record
Documented relationships
A focused view of described funding, production and distribution relationships. Each item identifies its evidence and limits. A cumulative program contribution is not a recipient-level bank transfer; primary records can themselves contain unverified claims.
Choose another focus to explore adjacent actors. The text list remains the evidence account; the diagram is a navigation aid.
2 described relationships for Sloan Foundation. Solid lines: primary records. Dashed lines: secondary or participant accounts. Source roles do not establish causal effects.
Sloan Foundation → Economic-film program
funded · 1945–1952 · primary / documented
Sloan’s report attributes 655,000 dollars to the cumulative program commitment. Initial phase dating differs between reports.
$655,000 USD · cumulative contribution · nominal historical dollars
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Sloan’s 1951–1952 report records an 885,000-dollar total film-program commitment: 655,000 from Sloan and 230,000 from Falk. · Sloan’s reports describe the film program’s start as 1946 in one account and 1945 in a later account.
Sloan Foundation → Civic Education Foundation
funded · 1952 · primary / documented
A 1952 grant for promotion/distribution of citizenship pamphlets, with local government, leadership and civil-rights subjects described. Not comparable in period or scope to cumulative film funding.
$20,000 USD · single grant · nominal historical dollars
All described relationships · text fallback
Sloan Foundation → Economic-film program: Sloan’s report attributes 655,000 dollars to the cumulative program commitment. Initial phase dating differs between reports. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Falk Foundation → Economic-film program: Reported contribution to the film program; this edge does not assert a direct 230,000-dollar payment to Harding. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Harding College → Economic-film program: Sloan identifies Harding as the intermediary carrying the program into effect. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Harding College → John Sutherland Productions: Sponsor report describes a production contract; the signed contract itself was not inspected. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
John Sutherland Productions → Economic-film program: Producer of the described film series, according to the sponsor’s report. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Loew’s → Economic-film program: Theatrical distribution arrangements described by Sloan. No independently measured audience effect is asserted. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Sloan Foundation → Civic Education Foundation: A 1952 grant for promotion/distribution of citizenship pamphlets, with local government, leadership and civil-rights subjects described. Not comparable in period or scope to cumulative film funding. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
National Association of Manufacturers → Classroom material distribution: Organizational self-report of classroom availability and use. Independent adoption and learning outcomes were not inspected. How NAM Serves You and the Nation! Activities, Programs, Services
National Association of Manufacturers → Textbook-review commission: Commissioning reported in checked scholarship. No completed 800-book review or removal count is inferred. Selling Selective Anti-Statism: The Conservative Persuasion Campaign and the Transformation of American Politics since the 1920s
William Volker Fund → Leonard Read: McVicar reports support to Read for establishing FEE. The underlying grant ledger was not separately inspected. Aggressive Philanthropy: Progressivism, Conservatism, and the William Volker Charities Fund
Leonard Read → Foundation for Economic Education: Hazlitt’s recollection identifies Read’s organizing role. This is not a claim that every proposed program was implemented. The Early History of FEE
Claims and open questions
25 claim records
Supported means the inspected source supports the exact statement. Reported retains a source’s attribution. Interpretation identifies a corporate analytical proposition. Unresolved is not a factual conclusion.
supported · fundingSloan’s 1951–1952 report records an 885,000-dollar total film-program commitment: 655,000 from Sloan and 230,000 from Falk.
Nominal historical dollars; cumulative program commitment, not a single 1946 disbursement or three additive grants. Printed p.47; PDF 96.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimsupported · fundingThe Sloan report identifies Harding as program intermediary and Sutherland as producer under contract with Harding.
Sponsor’s primary account, not the original signed production contract. Printed pp.47–48; PDF 96–97.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimunresolved · fundingThe full 230,000-dollar Falk contribution cannot be assigned to a direct Falk-to-Harding transfer from the inspected passage.
An earlier financial statement separately lists a 75,000-dollar 1948 payment received by Sloan from Falk. Do not infer the recipient of the entire aggregate. PDF 32 and 96.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimsupported · instructionSloan’s reports describe the film program’s start as 1946 in one account and 1945 in a later account.
These may describe phases, but the inspected sources do not resolve that. Use a qualified interval, not an invented reconciliation. PDF 16 and 96.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimsupported · instructionThe reports distinguish completion of Make Mine Freedom in 1947 from its theatrical debut in April 1948.
Do not interchange production and release dates. Printed p.27/PDF 16 and p.47/PDF 96.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimsupported · instructionHarding arranged theatrical distribution through Loew’s and non-theatrical distribution through educational and other organizations.
Distribution and audience figures in the report are sponsor statements, not independent measurements of learning. Printed pp.48–49; PDF 97.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimsupported · fundingSloan also records a 20,000-dollar 1952 grant to the Civic Education Foundation for promotion and distribution of citizenship pamphlets.
Described subjects include local government, community leadership, civil rights and the Constitution. The subject list does not establish participatory teaching or effectiveness. Printed pp.44–45; PDF 95.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Link to this claimreported · fundingMcVicar reports a 30,000-dollar Volker Fund grant to Read to establish FEE in 1946.
Checked historical scholarship, not an independently inspected grant ledger. Author: Michael J. McVicar; printed p.200/PDF 10.
Aggressive Philanthropy: Progressivism, Conservatism, and the William Volker Charities Fund
Link to this claimreported · instructionHazlitt recalls that FEE opened on March 16, 1946 and describes proposed publishing, teaching and study-group activities.
Participant recollection. Proposed activities are not proof that each was implemented.
Link to this claimsupported · instructionBerkeley catalogs the booklet How NAM Serves You and the Nation as 1960.
Its February 1961 library stamp is not publication dating. Catalog MARC 245/260/269.
How NAM Serves You and the Nation! Activities, Programs, Services · Berkeley catalog MARC record 72401
Link to this claimreported · instructionNAM reports HOBSO use in more than 600 schools in some 40 states, and materials without charge in classroom quantities.
NAM’s own statements; not independently measured adoption, instructional time or learning. Printed p.9/PDF 9.
How NAM Serves You and the Nation! Activities, Programs, Services
Link to this claimreported · textbook scrutinyRoady documents NAM commissioning a study of 800 popular school textbooks.
Commissioning is not proof of completion, removal or revision. Article pp.32–33, note 77 cites a December 11, 1940 newspaper report; that item was not separately inspected.
Link to this claimreported · instructionFones-Wolf’s public publisher extract describes 1953 labor and socialist opposition blocking ACES access to Reading public classrooms.
Secondary account; extract inspected, not the entire article. Original publication Fall 2000; online availability 2017.
Link to this claimreported · civics outcomesThe government report states 38% and 22% declines in ninth-grade Civics and twelfth-grade Problems of Democracy enrollments between 1961 and 1973.
Printed p.66/PDF 80 cites Gross 1977; original survey tables and definitions remain uninspected. These are reported relative changes, not percentage points or a reconstructed annual series.
Citizen Education Today: Developing Civic Competencies. A Report of the Citizen Education Staff · ERIC record EJ154275: The Status of the Social Studies in the Public Schools of the United States
Link to this claimunresolved · civics outcomesOriginal survey counts, enrollment shares and sampling comparability have not been reconstructed in this review.
Use attributed prose or a source-note table. Do not generate a quantitative trend from missing observations.
Citizen Education Today: Developing Civic Competencies. A Report of the Citizen Education Staff · ERIC record EJ154275: The Status of the Social Studies in the Public Schools of the United States
Link to this claimreported · civics outcomesJamieson discusses fewer civic courses, unequal opportunities, resource constraints and political disagreement; other reports consider competing educational priorities.
These analyses supply context and alternatives, not a matched test of the sponsors’ causal effects.
The Challenges Facing Civic Education · When and Why Did America Stop Teaching Civics? · The Humanities in American Life: Report of the Commission on the Humanities
Link to this claimsupported · institutional strategyWashington and Lee identifies Powell’s confidential August 23, 1971 memorandum to Eugene B. Sydnor Jr. and its public emergence in 1972.
Custodian introduction inspected. Exact memo quotations and recommendation lists are excluded until memo-level inspection.
Powell Memorandum: Attack On American Free Enterprise System
Link to this claimsupported · institutional strategyHuntington’s chapter discusses an excess of democracy and the role of apathy/noninvolvement in governability.
Chapter III, pp.113–114/PDF 123–124. Primary text in a third-party-hosted scan; not a retrospective explanation of earlier curriculum change.
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
Link to this claimreported · electoral rulesNCSL’s March 23, 2026 survey lists 19 states with RCV prohibitions in all or some elections.
A dated survey classification, not an independently updated November count. Partial restrictions and enactment/effectiveness require distinction.
Link to this claimsupported · electoral rulesOhio’s code provides an RCV restriction with home-rule qualifications and a local-government-fund consequence for approval by ordinance or resolution.
Section 3505.011(A)–(C), effective June 16, 2026. Approval is the statutory trigger subject to determination; no actual withholding event is established here.
Ohio Revised Code 3505.011: Ranked choice voting prohibited
Link to this claimsupported · electoral rulesVirginia’s code permits RCV elections for members of a local governing body.
Section 24.2-673.1(B); 2026 chapters 993/1062. NCSL identifies the bills; detailed legislative histories were not inspected.
Virginia Code 24.2-673.1: Ranked choice voting
Link to this claimsupported · institutional strategyEO 14190 was signed January 29, 2025 and states a preferred educational framing and federal administrative directions.
Text/identity checked; issuance does not establish implementation, litigation outcome or educational effects.
Ending Radical Indoctrination in K–12 Schooling · Executive Order 14190, Federal Register record 2025-02232
Link to this claimsupported · fundingThe Benson finding aid lists Sutherland payment ledgers and Sloan correspondence.
Locator only: no contents of unopened correspondence are asserted.
George S. Benson Papers: Finding Aid
Link to this claimunresolved · civics outcomesA causal connection from the educational campaigns to national decline in civic agency is not established by this corpus.
Requires adoption, content and exposure comparisons; common timing or a source-linked network cannot substitute for them.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954 · Citizen Education Today: Developing Civic Competencies. A Report of the Citizen Education Staff · The Challenges Facing Civic Education
Link to this claiminterpretation · institutional strategyManagement proposes examining documented distribution practices for resident consultation.
LifeCorp management interpretation, not a historical finding, model result or approved operating deployment.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954 · Selling Selective Anti-Statism: The Conservative Persuasion Campaign and the Transformation of American Politics since the 1920s
Link to this claimEvidence register
All 20 original citation entries are retained across 19 original source records; references 2 and 13 share the Sloan report. Supplemental official texts and metadata records appear separately. Inspection notes state what was actually checked; they do not certify every assertion in a publication.
26 source records
Original references 1 · secondary · passagesSelling Selective Anti-Statism: The Conservative Persuasion Campaign and the Transformation of American Politics since the 1920s
Peter Roady · 2023
Locator: Modern American History 6(1),21–43; pp.32–33, notes 76–77; DOI 10.1017/mah.2023.3
Full article/PDF consulted. The newspaper item and NAM archival files cited by the author were not separately inspected.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →textbook commission · transfer hypothesis
Link to this source recordOriginal references 2, 13 · primary · passagesAlfred P. Sloan Foundation reports,1947–1954
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation · 1947–1954
Locator: 1951–1952 report pp.44–48 (combined PDF 95–97);1947–1948 pp.26–27 (PDF 16);1948 financial statement (PDF 32)
Primary sponsor reporting: commitments, distribution claims and evaluations retain their source attribution. The 1945/1946 start descriptions differ.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →film funding · film contract · falk flow · film start · film release · film distribution · civic grant · causal displacement · transfer hypothesis
Link to this source recordOriginal references 3 · secondary · passagesAggressive Philanthropy: Progressivism, Conservatism, and the William Volker Charities Fund
Michael J. McVicar · 2011
Locator: Missouri Historical Review, pp.191–212; FEE grant at p.200 (PDF 10)
Author identity and grant passage checked. The cited underlying grant records were not independently inspected.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 4 · participant · passagesThe Early History of FEE
Henry Hazlitt · 2006 republication
Locator: Opening recollections, original trustees and proposed-program paragraphs
Participant recollection; reports intentions and institutional roles, not independent program effectiveness.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 5 · primary · passagesHow NAM Serves You and the Nation! Activities, Programs, Services
National Association of Manufacturers · 1960
Locator: Printed p.9 (PDF 9); Berkeley MARC 245/260
The library catalogs 1960. The scan bears a February 1961 library stamp. Reach and adoption claims are NAM’s own.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 6 · primary · passagesCitizen Education Today: Developing Civic Competencies. A Report of the Citizen Education Staff
Elizabeth C. Farquhar and Karen S. Dawson; U.S. Office of Education · 1979
Locator: OE79-07007; printed p.66 (PDF 80), note 17 at p.90 (PDF 104)
Government synthesis, not independent reanalysis of the enrollment series. The note cites Gross’s 1977 survey; original tables remain uninspected.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →course enrollment · course denominators · causal displacement
Link to this source recordOriginal references 7 · secondary · passagesThe Challenges Facing Civic Education
Kathleen Hall Jamieson · 2013
Locator: Dædalus 142(2),65–83; discussion of courses, priorities and civic skills
Publisher full text consulted. Multiple curricular, resource and political constraints are distinguished.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →curriculum context · causal displacement
Link to this source recordOriginal references 8 · secondary · metadataCan Our Schools Help Us Preserve Democracy? Special Challenges at a Time of Shifting Norms
Meira Levinson and Mildred Z. Solomon · 2021
Locator: Hastings Center Report 51 (Suppl 1), S15–S22; DOI 10.1002/hast.1224
Publisher full text restricted. Crossref identity and EuropePMC abstract checked; not used to substantiate specific historical causes attributed to the unread full text.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordOriginal references 9 · primary · metadataPowell Memorandum: Attack On American Free Enterprise System
Lewis F. Powell Jr.; Washington and Lee University archival introduction · 1971
Locator: Collection introduction: recipient, confidentiality, August 23, 1971 and public emergence in 1972
Custodian’s account checked; individual memo/PDF access unavailable. Exact document quotations and recommendations are outside this edition.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 10 · primary · passagesThe Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki · 1975
Locator: Huntington, chapter III, The United States, pp.113–114 (PDF 123–124)
Primary book text consulted in a third-party-hosted scan. Attribute the argument to its author, not to every historical funder.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 11 · secondary · passagesRanked Choice Voting
National Conference of State Legislatures · 2026-03-23 snapshot
Locator: Updated March 23, 2026; prohibitions table
A dated institutional classification, not a new November recount. Enactment, effective operation and jurisdictional scope differ.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 12 · secondary · passages2026 Election Enactments
National Conference of State Legislatures · 2026
Locator: RCV and state enactment summaries for Ohio, Virginia and Indiana
Selected Ohio/Virginia provisions checked against official codes. The Indiana primary text remains uninspected; detailed Indiana legal assertions are excluded.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordOriginal references 14 · secondary · extractBusiness Propaganda in the Schools: Labor’s Struggle Against the Americans for the Competitive Enterprise System,1949–1954
Elizabeth Fones-Wolf · 2000; online 2017
Locator: History of Education Quarterly 40(3),255–278; public extract; DOI 10.2307/369553
Publisher extract supports the Reading account; complete article not inspected. Original publication is Fall 2000, not 2017.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 15 · primary · passagesEnding Radical Indoctrination in K–12 Schooling
Executive Order 14190; official White House text · 2025-01-29
Locator: Sections 2,3 and 5; identity also checked in Federal Register
Text and issuance verified. Implementation, litigation and educational effects require separate evidence.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 16 · locator · locatorGeorge S. Benson Papers: Finding Aid
Harding University · archival catalog
Locator: Box B-050/B-051 area: Sutherland payment ledgers and Sloan correspondence
Locator only. It identifies records, not the contents of unexamined ledgers or letters.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 17 · locator · locatorDocuments / Annual Reports
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation · archive index
Locator: Annual-report index
Source-discovery aid, not additional independent confirmation of each report’s contents.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordOriginal references 18 · secondary · passagesWhen and Why Did America Stop Teaching Civics?
Sandra Day O’Connor Institute for American Democracy · 2024
Locator: September 2024 policy brief, especially curricular controversy and other priorities
Page and linked full PDF consulted; an interpretive policy brief with its own references, not a matched funding/exposure dataset.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordOriginal references 19 · secondary · passagesState of Election Policy Legislation 2026 Mid-Year Report
Ballotpedia · 2026
Locator: RCV policy context
Secondary contemporary context; not a substitute for official statutes or evidence of historical causation.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordOriginal references 20 · primary · passagesThe Humanities in American Life: Report of the Commission on the Humanities
Commission on the Humanities; University of California Press · 1980
Locator: Chapter 1, pp.4–5, and education discussion
Selected contextual passages consulted. Vocational pressures and educational priorities are not a quantified test of the economic-education campaigns.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordSupplemental source · primary · passagesBerkeley catalog MARC record 72401
UC Berkeley Library · 1960
Locator: Fields 245, 260 and 269
Confirms the booklet’s cataloged title and publication year.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordSupplemental source · locator · metadataERIC record EJ154275: The Status of the Social Studies in the Public Schools of the United States
Richard E. Gross; ERIC metadata · 1977
Locator: Record EJ154275; source identified by ED186350 note 17
Study identity located. Original tables, samples and counts were not inspected.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →course enrollment · course denominators
Link to this source recordSupplemental source · locator · metadataDOI metadata for 10.1002/hast.1224
Crossref · 2021
Locator: Author and publication metadata
Confirms coauthorship; does not establish historical assertions inside the unread paper.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordSupplemental source · locator · metadataIndexed abstract for PMID 33630339
EuropePMC · 2021
Locator: Abstract and bibliographic record
Supports the abstract’s contemporary civic-education argument, not uninspected full-text claims.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Context or research lead; not used as independent support for a published finding.
Link to this source recordSupplemental source · primary · passagesOhio Revised Code 3505.011: Ranked choice voting prohibited
Ohio Legislative Service Commission · 2026-06-16
Locator: Divisions(A)–(C), effective June 16, 2026
Home-rule qualifications and adoption-triggered local-government-fund consequence. No particular withholding event is asserted.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordSupplemental source · primary · passagesVirginia Code 24.2-673.1: Ranked choice voting
Virginia General Assembly · 2026
Locator: Subsection B; historical citation 2026 chapters 993/1062
Current code permits RCV elections for members of a local governing body. Detailed bill histories were not inspected.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordSupplemental source · primary · metadataExecutive Order 14190, Federal Register record 2025-02232
Office of the Federal Register · 2025
Locator: Federal Register API: executive_order_number, signing_date, publication_date
Signed January 29; published February 3,2025. No implementation or outcome claim.
Review date: 2026-11-02
Open source at its repository →Link to this source recordThe collection describes historical records and proposed research. It supplies no operational consultation, voter model or personal-data service.